Differentiate between shallow and deep copying objects

Shallow copying and deep copying are two different approaches to creating copies of objects in programming. These terms are often used in the context of JavaScript or other programming languages.

Shallow Copy:

1. Definition:
   • A shallow copy creates a new object and copies the top-level properties of the original object into the new object.
   • However, if the original object contains nested objects (objects within objects), the references to those nested objects are copied, not the objects themselves.
2. Copying Mechanism:
   • The top-level properties are duplicated, but if the properties are objects, the references to those objects are shared between the original and the copied object.
3. Level of Copying:
   • Shallow copying is limited to the top-level structure of the object. If the object has nested objects, they are not duplicated.
4. Use Case:
   • Shallow copying is suitable when you want to create a new object with the same top-level structure but don't need to create copies of nested objects.
5. Example (JavaScript):

                   
                       const originalObject = { a: 1, b: { c: 2 } };
                       const shallowCopy = { ...originalObject };
                       
                       // Changes to nested objects will be reflected in both the original and the shallow copy
                       shallowCopy.b.c = 3;
                       console.log(originalObject.b.c); // Outputs 3                    
                   
               

Deep Copy:

1. Definition:
   • A deep copy creates a new object and recursively copies all properties of the original object, including nested objects.
   • The result is a completely independent copy, with no shared references to objects within the original object.
2. Copying Mechanism:
   • All properties, including nested ones, are duplicated. The copied object and its nested objects are entirely separate from the original.
3. Level of Copying:
   • Deep copying goes beyond the top-level structure and duplicates all nested objects and their properties.
4. Use Case:
   • Deep copying is useful when you want a completely independent copy of an object, especially if the original object contains nested structures that you want to modify independently.
5. Example (JavaScript):

                   
                       const originalObject = { a: 1, b: { c: 2 } };
                       const deepCopy = JSON.parse(JSON.stringify(originalObject));
                       
                       // Changes to nested objects will not affect the original object
                       deepCopy.b.c = 3;
                       console.log(originalObject.b.c); // Outputs 2                    
                   
               

• Shallow copying is generally more performant than deep copying, but it may lead to unexpected behavior if the objects contain references to mutable data structures.
• Deep copying, while safer in terms of independence, can be slower and may not handle certain object types or circular references well.

Choosing between shallow and deep copying depends on the specific requirements of your use case and the structure of the objects you are working with.

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